What is bee propolis?

Bee propolis is a complex resinous substance made by honeybees from plant resins, sap and buds. Common sources include poplars, conifers and birch.

Bees mix these materials with beeswax and enzymes from their saliva. They use propolis to seal gaps, coat surfaces and protect the hive.

Propolis helps create an environment that limits the growth of bacteria and fungi within the hive. Its composition varies depending on the plants available to the bees.

It contains hundreds of identified compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenes and essential oils.

Antimicrobial and immune-supporting properties

The antimicrobial properties of propolis have made it a subject of scientific interest for human health. Research has explored its antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity.

These effects are linked to compounds including flavonoids such as pinocembrin and galangin. Another key compound is caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE).

Propolis may also support normal immune function by influencing immune cells and cytokine signalling. This has contributed to its popularity for seasonal immune support.

Propolis is also widely used in oral health products. Its antimicrobial properties may help maintain a healthy mouth and support the health of your teeth and gums.

It is commonly found in natural throat sprays and oral care products. These products are often designed to support the mouth, throat and upper respiratory tract.

Antioxidant activity and skin health

Propolis is rich in polyphenols, giving it strong antioxidant activity. Laboratory studies show that propolis can neutralise free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress.

This antioxidant activity contributes to propolis’s broader role in supporting cellular health. It may also help protect tissues from oxidative damage.

Propolis has also been used traditionally in wound care and skincare. Its antimicrobial, anti inflammatory and antioxidant properties may support skin repair and a healthy skin barrier.

This traditional use has led to growing interest in propolis for modern skincare products.

Choosing and using bee propolis

Bee propolis supplements are available as capsules, liquid extracts, throat sprays and lozenges. Standardised extracts can provide a more consistent level of active compounds.

For internal use, look for products that specify their total flavonoid or CAPE content. Liquid propolis tincture is one of the most traditional forms.

You can add tinctures to water or juice. Propolis isn’t suitable if you have known allergies to bee products, honey or pollen.

If you’re trying propolis for the first time, start with a small amount. Avoid propolis during pregnancy unless advised by a health professional.

Propolis is generally well tolerated when used as directed. It’s a versatile natural product with a range of traditional health uses.